Changes of Water/Ice Morphological, Thermodynamic, and Mechanical Parameters During the Freezing Process

To reduce ice adhesion hazards, optimize or develop the anti/de-icing methods, it is necessary to understand change of freezing parameters during process, such as thermodynamic, morphological, and mechanical parameters. The present study investigates characteristics by purpose-built devices describe process quantitatively. Morphological were calculated reverse engineering. results showed that inner temperature morphology water droplet obviously changed, could be mainly divided into three stages: initial spreading, freezing, steady-state. Moreover, an experimental apparatus measured phase swelling force was built on investigating from aspect. It found generated 2473 mm3 reach 46.38 N. generation also separated non-expansive stage, increasing stable stage. formation stage similar ice. Combining expansion with based observed test, better understood. would help researchers engineers provide some for research.